Single target scan:
nmap [target]

Scan from a list of targets:
nmap -iL [list.txt]

iPv6:
nmap -6 [target]

OS detection:
nmap -O [target]

Save output to text file:
nmap -oN [output.txt] [target]

Save output to xml file:
nmap -oX [output.xml] [target]

Scan a specific port:
nmap -source-port [port] [target]

Do an aggressive scan:
nmap -A [target]

Traceroute:
nmap -traceroute [target]

Ping scan only: -sP
Don't ping:     -PN
TCP SYN ping:   -PS
TCP ACK ping:   -PA
UDP ping:       -PU
ARP ping:       -PR