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Merge pull request #374 from bu6hunt3r/devel
Added sheet for r2 disassembler/debugger/hex editor
This commit is contained in:
Chris Allen Lane
GitHub
commit
0e84cae79e
22
cheat/cheatsheets/mutt
Normal file
22
cheat/cheatsheets/mutt
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
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# Create new mailbox in IMAP
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+ When located in mailbox list (c)
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shift + C
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# Move multiple messages to folder (bulk operations)
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1. Select/tag them with alt+'t'
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2. ;s in mail inbox overview for bulk operation
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# Deleting / Undeleting all messages in mutt
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1. In mutt’s index, hit ‘D’ (UPPERCASE D)
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2. It will prompt you with “Delete messages matching: “
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+ enter this string:
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~A
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3. It should mark all for deletion!
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4. Conversely, you can do the same thing with UPPERCASE U to undelete multiple messages.
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936
cheat/cheatsheets/r2
Normal file
936
cheat/cheatsheets/r2
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,936 @@
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# Command Line options
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-L: List of supported IO plugins
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-q: Exit after processing commands
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-w: Write mode enabled
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-i: Interprets a r2 script
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-A: Analize executable at load time (xrefs, etc)
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-n: Bare load. Do not load executable info as the entrypoint
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-c'cmds': Run r2 and execute commands (eg: r2 -wqc'wx 3c @ main')
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-p: Creates a project for the file being analyzed (CC add a comment when opening a file as a project)
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-: Opens r2 with the malloc plugin that gives a 512 bytes memory area to play with (size can be changed); Similar to r2 malloc://512
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Configuration properties
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e: Returs configuration properties
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e <property>: Checks a specific property:
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e asm.tabs => false
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e <property>=<value>: Change property value
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e asm.arch=ppc
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e? help about a configuration property
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e? cmd.stack
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# Show comments at right of disassembly if they fit in screen
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e asm.cmtright=true
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# Shows pseudocode in disassembly. Eg mov eax, str.ok = > eax = str.ok
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e asm.pseudo = true
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# Display stack and register values on top of disasembly view (visual mode)
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e cmd.stack = true
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# Solarized theme
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eco solarized
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# Use UTF-8 to show cool arrows that do not look like crap :)
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e scr.utf8 = true
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Basic Commands
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; Command chaining: x 3;s+3;pi 3;s+3;pxo 4;
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| Pipe with shell commands: pd | less
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! Run shell commands: !cat /etc/passwd
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!! Escapes to shell, run command and pass output to radare buffer
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Note: The double exclamation mark tells radare to skip the plugin list to find an IO plugin handling this
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command to launch it directly to the shell. A single one will walk through the io plugin list.
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` Radare commands: wx `!ragg2 -i exec`
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~ grep
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~! grep -v
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~[n] grep by columns afl~[0]
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~:n grep by rows afl~:0
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<command>~.. less/more mode
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+-------------------------------------------------------------------
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pi~mov,eax ; lines with mov or eax
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pi~mov&eax ; lines with mov and eax
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pi~mov,eax:6 ; 6 first lines with mov or eax
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pd 20~call[0]:0 ; grep first column of the first row matching 'call'
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+-------------------------------------------------------------------
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.cmd Interprets command output
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+-------------------------------------------------------------------
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is* prints symbolos
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.is* interprets output and define the symbols in radare (normally they are already loaded if r2 was not invoked with -n)
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+-------------------------------------------------------------------
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.. repeats last commands (same as enter \n)
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( Used to define and run macros
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$ Used to define alias
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$$: Resolves to current address
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Offsets (@) are absolute, we can use $$ for relative ones @ $$+4
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? Evaluate expression
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+-------------------------------------------------------------------
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[0x00000000]> ? 33 +2
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35 0x23 043 0000:0023 35 00100011 35.0 0.000000
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Note: | and & need to be escaped
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+-------------------------------------------------------------------
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?$? Help for variables used in expressions
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$$: Here
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$s: File size
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$b: Block size
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$l: Opcode length
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$j: When $$ is at a jmp, $j is the address where we are going to jump to
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$f: Same for jmp fail address
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$m: Opcode memory reference (e.g. mov eax,[0x10] => 0x10)
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??? Help for ? command
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?i Takes input from stdin. Eg ?i username
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?? Result from previous operations
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?s from to [step]: Generates sequence from to every
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?p: Get physical address for given virtual address
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?P: Get virtual address for given physical one
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?v Show hex value of math expr
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+-------------------------------------------------------------------
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?v 0x1625d4ca ^ 0x72ca4247 = 0x64ef968d
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?v 0x4141414a - 0x41414140 = 0xa
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+-------------------------------------------------------------------
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?l str: Returns the length of string
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@@: Used for iteractions
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+-------------------------------------------------------------------
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wx ff @@10 20 30 Writes ff at offsets 10, 20 and 30
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wx ff @@`?s 1 10 2` Writes ff at offsets 1, 2 and 3
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wx 90 @@ sym.* Writes a nop on every symbol
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+-------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Positioning
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s address: Move cursor to address or symbol
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s-5 (5 bytes backwards)
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s- undo seek
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s+ redo seek
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# Block Size
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b size: Change block size
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# Analyze
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aa: Analyze all (fcns + bbs) same that running r2 with -A
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ahl <length> <range>: fake opcode length for a range of bytes
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ad: Analyze data
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ad@rsp (analize the stack)
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+ Normal mode
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af: Analyze functions
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afl: List all functions
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number of functions: afl~?
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afi: Returns information about the functions we are currently at
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afr: Rename function: structure and flag
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afr off: Restore function name set by r2
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afn: Rename function
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afn strlen 0x080483f0
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af-: Removes metadata generated by the function analysis
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af+: Define a function manually given the start address and length
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af+ 0xd6f 403 checker_loop
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axt: Returns cross references to (xref to)
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axf: Returns cross references from (xref from)
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+ Visual mode
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d, f: Function analysis
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d, u: Remove metadata generated by function analysis
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+ Opcode analysis
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ao x: Analize x opcodes from current offset
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a8 bytes: Analize the instruction represented by specified bytes
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# Information
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iI: File info
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iz: Strings in data section
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izz: Strings in the whole binary
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iS: Sections
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iS~w returns writable sections
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is: Symbols
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is~FUNC exports
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il: Linked libraries
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ii: Imports
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ie: Entrypoint
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+ Mitigations
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i~pic : check if the binary has position-independent-code
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i~nx : check if the binary has non-executable stack
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i~canary : check if the binary has canaries
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# Print
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psz n @ offset: Print n zero terminated String
|
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px n @ offset: Print hexdump (or just x) of n bytes
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pxw n @ offset: Print hexdump of n words
|
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pxw size@offset prints hexadecimal words at address
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pd n @ offset: Print n opcodes disassambled
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pD n @ offset: Print n bytes disassembled
|
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pi n @ offset: Print n instructions disassambeled (no address, XREFs, etc. just instrunctions)
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pdf @ offset: Print disassembled function
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pdf~XREF (grep: XREFs)
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pdf~call (grep: calls)
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pcp n @ offset: Print n bytes in python string output.
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pcp 0x20@0x8048550
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import struct
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buf = struct.pack ("32B",
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0x55,0x89,0xe5,0x83,0xzz,0xzz,0xzz,0xzz,0xf0,0x00,0x00,
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0x00,0x00,0xc7,0x45,0xf4,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xeb,0x20,
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0xc7,0x44,0x24,0x04,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xzz,0xzz)
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p8 n @ offset: Print n bytes (8bits) (no hexdump)
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pv: Print file contents as IDA bar and shows metadata for each byte (flags , ...)
|
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pt: Interpret data as dates
|
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|
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pf: Print with format
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pf.: list all formats
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p=: Print entropy ascii graph
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# Write
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wx: Write hex values in current offset
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wx 123456
|
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wx ff @ 4
|
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|
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wa: Write assembly
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wa jnz 0x400d24
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|
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wc: Write cache commit
|
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|
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wv: Writes value doing endian conversion and padding to byte
|
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|
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wo[x]: Write result of operation
|
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wow 11223344 @102!10
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write looped value from 102 to 102+10
|
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0x00000066 1122 3344 1122 3344 1122 0000 0000 0000
|
||||
|
||||
wox 0x90
|
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XOR the current block with 0x90. Equivalent to wox 0x90 $$!$b (write from current position, a whole block)
|
||||
|
||||
wox 67 @4!10
|
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XOR from offset 4 to 10 with value 67
|
||||
|
||||
wf file: Writes the content of the file at the current address or specified offset (ASCII characters only)
|
||||
|
||||
wF file: Writes the content of the file at the current address or specified offset
|
||||
|
||||
wt file [sz]: Write to file (from current seek, blocksize or sz bytes)
|
||||
Eg: Dump ELF files with wt @@ hit0* (after searching for ELF headers: \x7fELF)
|
||||
|
||||
woO 41424344 : get the index in the De Bruijn Pattern of the given word
|
||||
|
||||
# Flags
|
||||
|
||||
f: List flags
|
||||
|
||||
f label @ offset: Define a flag `label` at offset
|
||||
f str.pass_len @ 0x804999c
|
||||
|
||||
f -label: Removes flag
|
||||
|
||||
fr: Rename flag
|
||||
|
||||
fd: Returns position from nearest flag (looking backwards). Eg => entry+21
|
||||
|
||||
fs: Show all flag spaces
|
||||
|
||||
fs flagspace: Change to the specified flag space
|
||||
|
||||
fe loop and create numbered flags:
|
||||
|
||||
1. fs demo_flagspace
|
||||
2. fe demo_flagspace @@=`pdf~jne[1]`
|
||||
|
||||
# Yank & Paste
|
||||
|
||||
y n: Copies n bytes from current position
|
||||
|
||||
y: Shows yank buffer contentent with address and length where each entry was copied from
|
||||
|
||||
yp: Prints yank buffer
|
||||
|
||||
yy offset: Paste the contents of the yank buffer at the specified offset
|
||||
|
||||
yt n target @ source: Yank to. Copy n bytes fromsource to target address
|
||||
|
||||
# Visual Mode
|
||||
|
||||
q: Exits visual mode
|
||||
|
||||
hjkl: move around (or HJKL) (left-down-up-right)
|
||||
|
||||
o: go/seek to given offset
|
||||
|
||||
?: Help
|
||||
|
||||
.: Seek EIP
|
||||
|
||||
<enter>: Follow address of the current jump/call
|
||||
|
||||
:cmd: Enter radare commands. Eg: x @ esi
|
||||
|
||||
d[f?]: Define cursor as a string, data, code, a function, or simply to undefine it.
|
||||
dr: Rename a function
|
||||
df: Define a function
|
||||
|
||||
v: Get into the visual code analysis menu to edit/look closely at the current function.
|
||||
|
||||
p/P: Rotate print (visualization) modes
|
||||
hex, the hexadecimal view
|
||||
disasm, the disassembly listing
|
||||
Use numbers in [] to follow jump
|
||||
Use "u" to go back
|
||||
|
||||
debug, the debugger
|
||||
words, the word-hexidecimal view
|
||||
buf, the C-formatted buffer
|
||||
annotated, the annotated hexdump.
|
||||
|
||||
c: Changes to cursor mode or exits the cursor mode
|
||||
select: Shift+[hjkl]
|
||||
i: Insert mode
|
||||
a: assembly inline
|
||||
A: Assembly in visual mode
|
||||
y: Copy
|
||||
Y: Paste
|
||||
f: Creates a flag where cursor points to
|
||||
<tab> in the hexdump view to toggle between hex and strings columns
|
||||
|
||||
V: View ascii-art basic block graph of current function
|
||||
|
||||
W: WebUI
|
||||
|
||||
x, X: XREFs to current function. ("u" to go back)
|
||||
|
||||
t: track flags (browse symbols, functions..)
|
||||
|
||||
gG: Begging or end of file
|
||||
|
||||
HUD
|
||||
_ Show HUD
|
||||
backspace: Exits HUD
|
||||
We can add new commands to HUD in: radare2/shlr/hud/main
|
||||
|
||||
;[-]cmt: Add/remove comment
|
||||
|
||||
m<char>: Define a bookmark
|
||||
|
||||
'<char>: Go to previously defined bookmark
|
||||
|
||||
# ROP
|
||||
|
||||
/R opcodes: Search opcodes
|
||||
|
||||
/R pop,pop,ret
|
||||
|
||||
/Rl opcodes: Search opcodes and print them in linear way
|
||||
|
||||
/Rl jmp eax,call ebx
|
||||
|
||||
/a: Search assembly
|
||||
|
||||
/a jmp eax
|
||||
|
||||
pda: Returns a library of gadgets that can be use. These gadgets are obtained by disassmbling byte per byte instead of obeying to opcode leng
|
||||
|
||||
e search.roplen = 4 (change the depth of the search, to speed-up the hunt)
|
||||
|
||||
# Searching
|
||||
|
||||
/ bytes: Search bytes
|
||||
\x7fELF
|
||||
|
||||
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
push ebp
|
||||
mov ebp, esp
|
||||
|
||||
Opcodes: 5589e5
|
||||
|
||||
/x 5589e5
|
||||
[# ]hits: 54c0f4 < 0x0804c600 hits = 1
|
||||
0x08049f70 hit0_0 5589e557565383e4f081ec
|
||||
0x0804c31a hit0_1 5589e583ec18c704246031
|
||||
0x0804c353 hit0_2 5589e583ec1889442404c7
|
||||
0x0804c379 hit0_3 5589e583ec08e87cffffff
|
||||
0x0804c3a2 hit0_4 5589e583ec18c70424302d
|
||||
|
||||
pi 5 @@hit* (Print 5 first instructions of every hit)
|
||||
|
||||
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
Its possible to run a command for each hit. Use the cmd.hit property:
|
||||
|
||||
e cmd.hit=px
|
||||
|
||||
# Comments and defines
|
||||
|
||||
Cd [size]: Define as data
|
||||
|
||||
C- [size]: Define as code
|
||||
|
||||
Cs [size]: Define as String
|
||||
|
||||
Cf [size]: Define as struct
|
||||
We can define structures to be shown in the disassmbly
|
||||
|
||||
CC: List all comments or add a new comment in console mode
|
||||
C* Show all comments/metadata
|
||||
CC <comment> add new comment
|
||||
CC- remove comment
|
||||
|
||||
# Magic files
|
||||
|
||||
pm: Print Magic files analysis
|
||||
[0x00000000]> pm
|
||||
0x00000000 1 ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1
|
||||
|
||||
/m [magicfile]: Search magic number headers with libmagic
|
||||
|
||||
search.align
|
||||
search.from (0 = beginning)
|
||||
search.to (0 = end)
|
||||
search.asmstr
|
||||
search.in
|
||||
|
||||
# Yara
|
||||
|
||||
:yara scan
|
||||
|
||||
# Zignatures
|
||||
|
||||
zg <language> <output file>: Generate signatures
|
||||
eg: zg go go.z
|
||||
|
||||
Run the generated script to load signatures
|
||||
eg: . go.z
|
||||
|
||||
z: To show signatures loaded:
|
||||
|
||||
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
r2-(pid2)> pd 35 @ 0x08049adb-10
|
||||
| 0x08049adb call fcn.0805b030
|
||||
| fcn.0805b030(unk, unk, unk, unk) ; sign.sign.b.sym.fmt.Println
|
||||
| 0x08049ae0 add esp, 0xc
|
||||
| 0x08049ae3 call fcn.08095580
|
||||
|
||||
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
# Compare Files
|
||||
|
||||
r2 -m 0xf0000 /etc/fstab ; Open source file
|
||||
|
||||
o /etc/issue ; Open file2 at offset 0
|
||||
|
||||
o ; List both files
|
||||
|
||||
cc offset: Diff by columns between current offset address and "offset"
|
||||
|
||||
# Graphs
|
||||
|
||||
+ Basic block graphs
|
||||
|
||||
af: Load function metadata
|
||||
|
||||
ag $$ > a.dot: Dump basic block graph to file
|
||||
|
||||
ag $$ | xdot: Show current function basic block graph
|
||||
|
||||
+ Call graphs
|
||||
|
||||
af: Load function metadata
|
||||
|
||||
agc $$ > b.dot: Dump basic block graph to file
|
||||
|
||||
+ Convert .dot in .png
|
||||
|
||||
dot -Tpng -o /tmp/b.png b.dot
|
||||
|
||||
+ Generate graph for file
|
||||
|
||||
radiff2 -g main crackme.bin crackme.bin > /tmp/a
|
||||
xdot /tmp/a
|
||||
|
||||
# Debugger
|
||||
|
||||
+ Start r2 in debugger mode. r2 will fork and attach
|
||||
|
||||
r2 -d [pid|cmd|ptrace] (if command contains spaces use quotes: r2 -d "ls /")
|
||||
|
||||
ptrace://pid (debug backend does not notice, only access to mapped memory)
|
||||
|
||||
+ Pass arguments
|
||||
|
||||
r2 -d rarun2 program=pwn1 arg1=$(python exploit.py)
|
||||
|
||||
+ Pass stdin
|
||||
|
||||
r2 -d rarun2 program=/bin/ls stdin=$(python exploit.py)
|
||||
|
||||
+ Commands
|
||||
|
||||
do: Reopen program
|
||||
|
||||
dp: Shows debugged process, child processes and threads
|
||||
|
||||
dc: Continue
|
||||
|
||||
dcu <address or symbol>: Continue until symbol (sets bp in address, continua until bp and remove bp)
|
||||
|
||||
dc[sfcp]: Continue until syscall(eg: write), fork, call, program address (To exit a library)
|
||||
|
||||
ds: Step in
|
||||
|
||||
dso: Step out
|
||||
|
||||
dss: Skip instruction
|
||||
|
||||
dr register=value: Change register value
|
||||
|
||||
dr(=)?: Show register values
|
||||
|
||||
db address: Sets a breakpoint at address
|
||||
db sym.main add breakpoint into sym.main
|
||||
db 0x804800 add breakpoint
|
||||
db -0x804800 remove breakpoint
|
||||
|
||||
dsi (conditional step): Eg: "dsi eax==3,ecx>0"
|
||||
|
||||
dbt: Shows backtrace
|
||||
|
||||
drr: Display in colors and words all the refs from registers or memory
|
||||
|
||||
dm: Shows memory map (* indicates current section)
|
||||
[0xb776c110]> dm
|
||||
sys 0x08048000 - 0x08062000 s r-x /usr/bin/ls
|
||||
sys 0x08062000 - 0x08064000 s rw- /usr/bin/ls
|
||||
sys 0xb776a000 - 0xb776b000 s r-x [vdso]
|
||||
sys 0xb776b000 * 0xb778b000 s r-x /usr/lib/ld-2.17.so
|
||||
sys 0xb778b000 - 0xb778d000 s rw- /usr/lib/ld-2.17.so
|
||||
sys 0xbfe5d000 - 0xbfe7e000 s rw- [stack]
|
||||
|
||||
+ To follow child processes in forks (set-follow-fork-mode in gdb)
|
||||
|
||||
dcf until a fork happen then use dp to select what process you want to debug.
|
||||
|
||||
+ PEDA like details
|
||||
|
||||
drr;pd 10@-10;pxr 40@esp
|
||||
|
||||
+ Debug in visual mode
|
||||
|
||||
toggl breakpoints with F2
|
||||
single-step with F7 (s)
|
||||
step-over with F8 (S)
|
||||
continue with F9
|
||||
|
||||
# WebGUI
|
||||
|
||||
=h: Start the server
|
||||
=H: Start server and browser
|
||||
|
||||
# rax2 - Base Conversion
|
||||
|
||||
-e: Change endian
|
||||
|
||||
-k: random ASCII art to represent a number/hash. Similar to how SSH represents keys
|
||||
|
||||
-s: ASCII to hex
|
||||
rax2 -S hola (from string to hex)
|
||||
rax2 -s 686f6c61 (from hex to string)
|
||||
|
||||
-S: binary to hex (for files)
|
||||
|
||||
-N: pack an integer
|
||||
rax2 -N 0x1234 # \x34\x12\x00\x00
|
||||
|
||||
# rahash2 - Entropy, hashes and checksums
|
||||
|
||||
-a: Specify the algorithm
|
||||
|
||||
-b XXX: Block size
|
||||
|
||||
-B: Print all blocks
|
||||
|
||||
-a entropy: Show file entropy or entropy per block (-B -b 512 -a entropy)
|
||||
|
||||
+ Rot13 with rahash2
|
||||
rahash2 -E rot -S s:13 -s ‘Hello\n’
|
||||
|
||||
# radiff2 - File diffing
|
||||
|
||||
-s: Calculate text distance from two files.
|
||||
|
||||
-d: Delta diffing (For files with different sizes. Its not byte per byte)
|
||||
|
||||
-C: Code diffing (instead of data)
|
||||
|
||||
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
Diff original and patched on x86_32, using graphdiff algorithm
|
||||
radiff2 -a x86 -b32 -C original patched
|
||||
|
||||
Show differences between original and patched on x86_32
|
||||
radiff2 -a x86 -b32 original patched :
|
||||
|
||||
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
# rasm2 - Assembly/Disasembly
|
||||
|
||||
-L: Supported architectures
|
||||
|
||||
-a arch instruction: Sets architecture
|
||||
rasm2 -a x86 'mov eax,30' => b81e000000
|
||||
|
||||
-b tam: Sets block size
|
||||
|
||||
-d: Disassembly
|
||||
rasm2 -d b81e000000 => mov eax, 0x1e
|
||||
|
||||
-C: Assembly in C output
|
||||
rasm2 -C 'mov eax,30' => "\xb8\x1e\x00\x00\x00"
|
||||
|
||||
-D: Disassemble showing hexpair and opcode
|
||||
rasm2 -D b81e0000 => 0x00000000 5 b81e000000 mov eax, 0x1e
|
||||
|
||||
-f: Read data from file instead of ARG.
|
||||
|
||||
-t: Write data to file
|
||||
|
||||
+ Disassemble shellcode from hex stdin
|
||||
|
||||
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
echo -n "31c048bbd19d9691d08c97ff48f7db53545f995257545eb03b0f05" | rasm2 -a x86 -b 64 -d -
|
||||
xor eax, eax
|
||||
movabs rbx, 0xff978cd091969dd1
|
||||
neg rbx
|
||||
push rbx
|
||||
push rsp
|
||||
pop rdi
|
||||
cdq
|
||||
push rdx
|
||||
push rdi
|
||||
push rsp
|
||||
pop rsi
|
||||
mov al, 0x3b
|
||||
syscall
|
||||
|
||||
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
# rafind2 - Search
|
||||
|
||||
-Z: Look for Zero terminated strings
|
||||
|
||||
-s str: Look for specifc string
|
||||
|
||||
-X: Hex dump around output
|
||||
|
||||
+ Search "/bin/sh" in libc
|
||||
|
||||
rafind2 -X -s "/bin/sh" /usr/lib/libc.so.6
|
||||
|
||||
# ragg2 - Shellcode generator, C/opcode compiler
|
||||
|
||||
P: Generate De Bruijn patterns
|
||||
ragg2 -P 300 -r
|
||||
|
||||
-a arch: Configure architecture
|
||||
|
||||
-b bits: Specify architecture bits (32/64)
|
||||
|
||||
-i shellcode: Specify shellcode to generate
|
||||
|
||||
-e encoder: Specify encoder
|
||||
|
||||
+ ragg2-cc: Generate shellcode from c
|
||||
|
||||
+ Generate a x86, 32 bits exec shellcode
|
||||
ragg2 -a x86 -b 32 -i exec
|
||||
|
||||
# rabin2 - Executable analysis: symbols, imports, strings
|
||||
|
||||
-I: Executable information
|
||||
|
||||
-C: Returns classes. Useful to list Java Classes
|
||||
|
||||
-l: Dynamic linked libraries
|
||||
|
||||
-s: Symbols
|
||||
|
||||
-z: Strings
|
||||
|
||||
# rarun2 - Launcher to run programs with different environments, args, stdin, permissions, fds
|
||||
|
||||
r2 -b 32 -d rarun2 program=pwn1 arg1=$(ragg2 -P 300 -r) : runs pwn1 with a De Bruijn Pattern as first argument, inside radare2's debugger, and force 32 bits
|
||||
r2 -d rarun2 program=/bin/ls stdin=$(python exploit.py) : runs /bin/ls with the output of exploit.py directed to stdin
|
||||
|
||||
# ESIL emulation
|
||||
|
||||
1) aei: Initialize ESIL VM
|
||||
|
||||
2) aeim: Assign ESIL stack
|
||||
aeim 0xffffd000 0x1000 stack
|
||||
|
||||
3) aeip: Program counter to current seek
|
||||
|
||||
4) e io.cache=true: Enable caching read/write of virtual memory (Important if self modifying code)
|
||||
|
||||
5) aes: Single stepping in emulation mode
|
||||
|
||||
+ Toggle IL representation via O in Visual Mode
|
||||
|
||||
# ESIL Linear emulation
|
||||
|
||||
Find all references to curr. address using linear esil emulation on all imports.
|
||||
|
||||
/re$$@@ sym.imp.*
|
||||
|
||||
# ESIL IL Representation
|
||||
|
||||
op esil
|
||||
------------
|
||||
mov =
|
||||
mul *
|
||||
div /
|
||||
and &
|
||||
neg !
|
||||
read []
|
||||
if ?{
|
||||
add +
|
||||
sub -
|
||||
xor ^
|
||||
or |
|
||||
cmp ==
|
||||
write =[]
|
||||
|
||||
+ prefix is %
|
||||
+ carry from bit x -> %cx
|
||||
+ borrow from bit x -> %bx
|
||||
+ zero-flag -> %z
|
||||
+ parity of dst -> %p
|
||||
+ sign-flag -> %s
|
||||
+ overflow-flag -> %o
|
||||
|
||||
+ BREAK - Stop parsing and emulate next instruction
|
||||
+ LOOP - restart emulation of instruction
|
||||
+ GOTO n - jump to n
|
||||
+ TODO - stop emulation and eprintf("TDOD %s", ins)
|
||||
|
||||
x86 ESIL
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
mov eax, ebx ebx,eax,=
|
||||
jz 0xaabbccdd zf,?{,0xaabbccdd,eip,=,}
|
||||
cmp ecx,edx edx,ecx,==,%z,zf,=,%b32,cf,=,%p,pf,=,%s,sf,=
|
||||
push ebp 4,esp,-=ebp,esp,=[4]
|
||||
|
||||
+ ESIL Doc
|
||||
https://github.com/radare/radare2book/blob/master/esil.md
|
||||
|
||||
# r2pipe commands
|
||||
|
||||
+ Invoke r2pipe script via r2 cmdline
|
||||
|
||||
[0x00000000]> #!pipe node script.js
|
||||
[0x00000000]> #!pipe python script.py
|
||||
|
||||
+ Good collection:
|
||||
https://radare.org/get/r2pipe-nn2015.pdf
|
||||
https://github.com/jpenalbae/r2-scripts
|
||||
# Parsing ELF
|
||||
|
||||
!!! open with r2 -nn
|
||||
|
||||
+ Parse 9 program headers (elf_phdr) from curr. seek plus offset 0x40 with temporary block size 0x200 in less mode (~..)
|
||||
|
||||
[0x00000000]> pf 9? (elf_phdr)phdr @ $$+0x40!0x200~..
|
||||
|
||||
# pf Templates
|
||||
|
||||
+ Generate templates for structs/enums with td command
|
||||
|
||||
"td enum elf_class {ELFCLASSNONE=0, ELFCLASS32=1, ELFCLASS64=2};"
|
||||
|
||||
https://github.com/Maijin/r2-pf-templates/
|
||||
|
||||
+ Cast data @ <addr> to <type> and print it
|
||||
|
||||
tp <type> = <address>
|
||||
|
||||
# r2scapy
|
||||
|
||||
r2 -i r2scapy.py dump.bin
|
||||
[0x00000000]> scapy DNS 0x81de3c 48
|
||||
DNS(aa=1L, qr=1L, an=DNSRR(rclass=32769, ttl=120, rrname='flashair.local.', rdata='192.168.0.1', type=1), ad=0L, nscount=0, qdcount=1, ns=None, tc=0L, rd=1L, arcount=0, ar=None, opcode=0L, ra=0L, cd=0L, z=0L, rcode=0L, id=0, ancount=1, qd=DNSQR(qclass=32769, qtype=255, qname='flashair.local.'))
|
||||
|
||||
+ generate packets with scapy
|
||||
>>> from scapy.all import *
|
||||
>>> sr1(IP(dst="8.8.8.8")/UDP(dport=53)/DNS(rd=1,qd=DNSQR(qname="www.thepacketgeek.com")),verbose=0)
|
||||
|
||||
# r2m2 -Miasm Intermediate Representation Plugin
|
||||
|
||||
+ Assemble and disassemble MIPS32 using rasm2
|
||||
|
||||
r2m2$ export R2M2_ARCH=mips32l; rasm2 -a r2m2 'addiu a0, a1, 2' |rasm2 -a r2m2 -d -
|
||||
ADDIU A0, A1, 0x2
|
||||
|
||||
+ Disassemble random MSP430 instructions in r2
|
||||
|
||||
r2m2$ R2M2_ARCH=msp430 r2 -a r2m2 -qc 'woR; pd 5' -
|
||||
0x00000000 07fa and.w R10, R7
|
||||
0x00000002 47ad dadd.b R13, R7
|
||||
0x00000004 f05e0778 add.b @R14+, 0x7807(PC)
|
||||
0x00000008 f46d81ed addc.b @R13+, 0xED81(R4)
|
||||
0x0000000c 3fdc bis.w @R12+, R15
|
||||
+ Assemble MIPS32 using rasm2 and display the call graph using r2
|
||||
|
||||
r2m2$ R2M2_ARCH=mips32b rasm2 -a r2m2 'j 0x4; nop' -B > j_nop.bin
|
||||
|
||||
r2m2$ R2M2_ARCH=mips32b r2 -a r2m2 -qc 'pd 2' j_nop.bin
|
||||
,=< 0x00000000 0c000001 JAL 0x4
|
||||
`-> 0x00000004 00000000 NOP
|
||||
|
||||
# bin carving with r2
|
||||
|
||||
+ Open raw dump
|
||||
|
||||
r2 -n dump.bin
|
||||
|
||||
+ Searching for magic
|
||||
|
||||
[0x00000000]> / \x7fELF
|
||||
Searching 4 bytes from 0x00000000 to 0x0000002d: 7f 45 4c 46
|
||||
0x00001340 hit0_0
|
||||
0x00001744 hit0_1
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
+ Dump 1M with at several hits
|
||||
|
||||
[0x00000000]> b 1M
|
||||
[0x00000000]> wt @@ hit0*
|
||||
|
||||
+ Automate it
|
||||
|
||||
$ for a in dump.* ; do
|
||||
sz=`rabin2 -Z $a` # get RBin.filesize
|
||||
r2 -wnqc"r $sz" $a # resize file
|
||||
done
|
||||
|
||||
http://radare.today/posts/carving-bins/
|
||||
|
||||
# r4ge - symbolic execution
|
||||
+ https://github.com/gast04/r4ge
|
||||
|
||||
Usage: https://asciinema.org/a/155856
|
||||
|
||||
# r2wiki -Macro for using wiki in commandline
|
||||
|
||||
+ https://github.com/securisec/r2wiki
|
||||
|
||||
$wiki "query string"
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user